Facts about Toll-like Receptors

1. 06

   Named after a German exclamation meaning 'great,' the fly gene Toll was identified in 1985 by Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, inspiring the receptor family's name.

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2. 05

   Some Toll-like receptors, such as TLR3, TLR7, and TLR9, are located inside endosomes rather than on the cell surface, enabling detection of viral nucleic acids.

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3. 04

   Signaling through Toll-like receptors commonly activates the transcription factor NF-κB, leading to production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

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4. 03

   Humans possess ten functional Toll-like receptors, each specialized to detect distinct classes of microbial molecules or nucleic acids.

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5. 02

   The first mammalian Toll-like receptor, TLR4, was identified in 1997 and shown to recognize bacterial lipopolysaccharide.

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6. 01

   Pattern recognition proteins, Toll-like receptors detect conserved microbial structures called pathogen-associated molecular patterns and trigger innate immune responses.

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