Facts about the Treaty of Versailles

1. 15

   Turkish forces were required to cede over 1.2 million square kilometers of territory under the Treaty of Versailles successor agreements, dismantling the Ottoman Empire's remaining holdings in Europe and Asia Minor.

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2. 14

   At 5 p.m. on June 28, 1919, the Treaty of Versailles was signed in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles, officially ending World War I between the Allied powers and Germany.

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3. 13

   Hungary was reduced to 28 percent of its former territory under the Treaty of Versailles, losing Slovakia, Transylvania, and Croatia to neighboring successor states.

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4. 12

   Colonial mandates under the Treaty of Versailles required League of Nations supervision of former German and Ottoman territories across Africa, the Middle East, and the Pacific, affecting millions of people worldwide.

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5. 11

   Fifteen years after signing the Treaty of Versailles, Germany's military was strictly limited to 100,000 troops and prohibited from possessing tanks, submarines, or military aircraft.

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6. 10

   Rhineland demilitarization under the Treaty of Versailles stripped Germany of a 50-kilometer buffer zone along the French border, prohibiting military fortifications or troops there until 1935.

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7. 09

   War guilt clause 231 of the Treaty of Versailles forced Germany to accept sole responsibility for causing World War I, becoming the legal basis for reparations demands.

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8. 08

   Japan received German territories in the Pacific including the Mariana Islands, Marshall Islands, and Caroline Islands as League of Nations mandates following the 1919 Treaty of Versailles.

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9. 07

   Belgian forces occupied the Ruhr Valley in January 1923 after Germany defaulted on reparations payments under the Treaty of Versailles.

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10. 06

    The League of Nations was established as part of the Treaty of Versailles, with its Covenant forming the first 26 articles of the 440-article agreement signed in 1919.

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11. 05

    Italy gained the Fiume region and expanded its northeastern border under the Treaty of Versailles, though disputes over promised territories caused Italian dissatisfaction.

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12. 04

    Austria lost 71 percent of its territory after the Treaty of Versailles dismantled the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1919.

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13. 03

    Poland gained 51,000 square kilometers of German territory through the Treaty of Versailles, including the corridor to the Baltic Sea created in 1919.

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14. 02

    France regained Alsace-Lorraine and the Saar region through the Treaty of Versailles, reversing losses from the 1871 Franco-Prussian War.

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15. 01

    Germany was required to pay 132 billion gold marks in reparations under the Treaty of Versailles signed on June 28, 1919.

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