Facts about Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis
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Empirical studies in the 1960s and 1970s found that catharsis through aggressive expression often increased rather than decreased subsequent aggressive behavior, challenging a core assumption of the original hypothesis.
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Inhibition of aggression, according to the hypothesis, can lead to catharsis when aggression is eventually expressed or displaced.
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A key implication of the frustration-aggression hypothesis is that aggression can be displaced onto a substitute target, a concept known as scapegoating.
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Originally published in the book Frustration and Aggression, the frustration-aggression hypothesis drew heavily on Freudian concepts and behaviorist learning theory.
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Leonard Berkowitz later revised the hypothesis, arguing that frustration produces a readiness for aggression rather than aggression itself.
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The frustration-aggression hypothesis, proposed by Dollard, Doob, Miller, Mowrer, and Sears in 1939, states that aggression is always a consequence of frustration.