Facts about The Observer Effect in Psychology
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Unobtrusive measures, such as analyzing physical traces or archival records, were developed partly to collect behavioral data without triggering the observer effect.
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Self-report measures in psychology are particularly vulnerable to the observer effect, as participants tend to present themselves more favorably when they know they are being evaluated.
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Naturalistic observation studies attempt to reduce the observer effect by habituating subjects to the researcher's presence before data collection begins.
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In classic research, the Hawthorne effect demonstrated that workers increased productivity when observed, regardless of actual changes to working conditions.
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Researchers studying human behavior alter that behavior simply by their presence, a phenomenon known as the observer effect or reactivity.